Science of Nutrition Bibliography

THE SCIENCE OF NUTRITION – BIBLIOGRAPHY

 
CHAPTER ONE: WHAT IS NUTRITION?
 
10 What do we mean by nutrition?
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/food-facts-food-and-mood.html
 
 
14 What is protein?
https://www.nutrition.org.uk/healthy-sustainable-diets/protein/
 
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/sport-exercise-nutrition.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6723444/
 
 
16 What is fat?
Jim Mann & A Stewart Truswell, Essentials of Human Nutrition (2nd edition, 2001), pp38–39
 
https://www.cochrane.org/CD011737/VASC_effect-cutting-down-saturated-fat-we-eat-our-risk-heart-disease
 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0753332206002435
 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10448517/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27412317/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22216328/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27457635/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24860193/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19022225/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21631511/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20458092/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24710915/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8475896/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21714128/
 
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23642776
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23510814
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061039 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24285687
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640950
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24528693
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24246205
 
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/cholesterol.html
 
https://www.coolspringsinternalmedicine.com/blog/hdl-and-ldl-cholesterol
 
 
18 What is fibre?
Rossi, Dr Megan, Eat Yourself Healthy (2019)
 
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/fibre.html
 
https://www.nutrition.org.uk/healthyliving/basics/fibre.html
https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/nutrients-food-and-ingredients/resistant-starch.html
 
https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/colorectal-cancer
 
https://www.healthline.com/health/soluble-vs-insoluble-fiber#benefits
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/resistant-starch-101
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/9-foods-high-in-resistant-starch
 
https://idealnutrition.com.au/fibre-and-all-its-magic-powers/
 
https://trickle.app/drip/18209-starch-and-fiber-are-polysaccharides-with-a-very-different-effect-on-blood-glucose/
 
https://www.leighmerotto.com/blog/resistant-starches-worth-the-hype
 
https://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-carbohydrates
https://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-resistant-starch
 
https://draxe.com/nutrition/amylopectin/
https://draxe.com/nutrition/amylose/
 
https://www.livestrong.com/article/465067-high-amylose-foods/
 
 
20 What are vitamins? / 22 What are minerals?
https://hfma.co.uk/media-events/industry-facts/
 
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/supplements.html
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/calcium.html
 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6211325/
 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28827489/
 
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/vitamin-d-advice-on-supplements-for-at-risk-groups
 
https://www.checkyourfood.com/ingredients/ingredient/39/aubergine-eggplant
https://www.checkyourfood.com/ingredients/ingredient/167/butternut-squash?Area=
 
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-a/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/
 
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/precious-metals-and-other-important-minerals-for-health
https://www.nutrition.org.uk/healthy-sustainable-diets/vitamins-and-minerals/
 
 
24 Is hydration part of nutrition?
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/the-importance-of-hydration.html
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/the-importance-of-hydration.html
 
https://www.nutrition.org.uk/media/hlyha5k4/15419-bnf-hydration-posters_adults-teenagers-final.pdf
 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6603652/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6521245/
 
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-misuse/
 
 
26 What is digestion?
https://tacanow.org/family-resources/the-poop-page/attachment/bristol-stool-chart/
 
 
https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/iai.00187-08#:~:text=The%20main%20types%20of%20bacteria,sp.%2C%20and%20Clostridium%20sp.
 
 
28 How does the body absorb nutrients during digestion?
https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-villi-and-microvilli/
 
https://www.livescience.com/52048-small-intestine.html
 
 
30 What is metabolism?
Yeo, Dr Giles, Gene Eating (2018)
 
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/do-gut-bacteria-inhibit-weight-loss
 
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/understanding-calories/#:~:text=The%20amount%20of%20energy%20in,maintain%20a%20healthy%20body%20weight.
 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5639963/
 
https://diabetestalk.net/insulin/which-cells-secrete-insulin-and-glucagon
 
Kornber, Hans. Metabolism. Available: https://www.britannica.com/science/metabolism/Incomplete-oxidation
 
Earley, C. (2015). Krebs cycle. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/krebs-cycle
 
Crash Course. (2015). Metabolism & Nutrition, Part 2: Crash Course A&P #37. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kb146Y1igTQ
 
 
32 Am I malnourished?
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malnutrition/symptoms/
 
Kaiser, MJ, Bauer, JM, Ramsch, C et al. (2010) Frequency of malnutrition in older adults: a multinational perspective using the mini nutritional assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc 58, 1734–1738
 
Scaldaferri F, Pizzoferrato M, Lopetuso LR, et al. Nutrition and IBD: Malnutrition and/or Sarcopenia? A Practical Guide. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2017;2017:8646495. doi:10.1155/2017/8646495
 
Delafuente JC. Nutrients and immune responses. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1991 May;17(2):203-12. PMID: 1907394.
 
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data
/file/953911/SACN_Nutrition_and_older_adults.pdf
 
 
https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/27/Suppl_1/9.full.pdf
 
https://foodfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/1-Briefing-Malnutrition_vF2.pdf
 
Royal College of Paediatricians and Child Health, 2017. Poverty and child health Views from the frontline Poverty and children’s health: views from the frontline.
 
Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition, 2016. Food systems and diets: Facing the challenges of the 21st century.
 
Age UK, 2017. Don’t Cut Care. Available at: http://www.ageuk.org.uk/home-and-care/carein-crisis/
 
Malnutrition Task Force, 2014. Prevention Programme | Malnutrition Task Force.
 
https://www.bapen.org.uk/bapen-statements/child-malnutrition-in-england-doubles
 
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/underweight-children-2-5-advice-for-parents/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malnutrition/
 
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition
 
https://www.actionagainsthunger.org.uk/why-hunger/gender-inequality#:~:text=Why%20diet%20and%20gender%20matter&text=Women%20are%20often
%20more%20vulnerable,nutrient%20rich%20foods%20than%20men
 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137999/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4951875/
 
https://www.nature.com/articles/6701959
 
https://www.cfn-nce.ca/frailty-matters/living-with-frailty/sarcopenia-muscle-wasting-and-frailty/
 
https://www.thelancet.com/series/double-burden-malnutrition
 
 
CHAPTER TWO: HOW CAN WE EAT WELL?
 
36 What can we learn from Mediterranean, Nordic, and Japanese diets?
J. Renzella, N. Townsend, J. Jewell, J. Breda, N. Roberts, M. Rayner, K. Wickramasinghe, Health Evidence Network synthesis report 58, World Health Organization (2018). www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/365285/hen-58-eng.pdf
 
R. Estruch, E. Ros, J. Salas-Salvadó, et al, “Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean Diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts”, The New England Journal of Medicine 378 no. 34 (2018).
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1800389
 
R. J. Widmer, A. J. Flammer, L.O. Lerman, A. Lerman, “The Mediterranean Diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease”, The American Journal of Medicine, 128 (2015), pp.229–38.
www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(14)00913-9/pdf
 
M.C. Mentella, F. Scaldaferri, C. Ricci, A. Gasbarrini, G.A.D. Miggiano, “Cancer and Mediterranean Diet: a review”, Nutrients 11, no.9 (2019), p.2,059. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6770822/
 
K. Esposito, M.I. Maiorino, G. Bellastella, et al., (2015) “A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses”, BMJ Open 5, no.8 (2015).
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008222
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/8/e008222
 
Alzheimer’s Society, Mediterranean diet and dementia, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/mediterranean-diet-and-dementia
 
M.A. Martínez-González, A. Gea, M. Ruiz-Canela, “The Mediterranean Diet and cardiovascular health: a critical review,” Circulation Research 124, no.5 (2019), pp.779–98
 
C. Mithril, L.O. Dragsted, C. Meyer, E. Blauert, M.K. Holt, A. Astrup, “Guidelines for the new Nordic Diet”, PubMed 15 no. 10 (2012), pp.1,941–47.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22251407/
 
British Nutrition Foundation, “Plant-based diets”, 2020, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.nutrition.org.uk/healthyliving/helpingyoueatwell/plant-based-diets.html
 
World Health Organization, World Health Statistics, 2020, accessed 25 April 2021.
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332070/9789240005105-eng.pdf
 
D.C. Willcox, G. Scapagnini, B.J. Willcox, “Healthy aging diets other than the Mediterranean: a focus on the Okinawan diet”,
Mechanisms in Ageing and Development 136–37 (March–April 2014), pp.148–62.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28430815/
 
K. Robinson, “Nutrition and dementia”, BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), October 2018, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.bda.uk.com/resource/nutrition-and-dementia.html
 
J. McCurry, “Japan battles with obesity”, The Lancet 369, no.9,560 (February 2007), pp.451–52.
www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(07)60214-1/fulltext
 
E. Anuurad, K. Shiwaku, A. Nogi, K. Kitajima, B. Enjkhmaa, K. Shimono, Y. Yamane, “The new BMI criteria for Asians by the
Regional Office for the Western Pacific Region of WHO are suitable for screening of overweight to prevent metabolic syndrome in elder Japanese workers”, Journal of Occupational Health 45 no.6 (November 2003), pp.335–43.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1539/joh.45.335
 
Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, “Carbohydrates and health” (2015).
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data
/file/445503/SACN_Carbohydrates_and_Health.pdf
 
BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), “Omega-3: food factsheet”, April 2021, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.bda.uk.com/resource/omega-3.html
 
World Cancer Research Fund, “Red and processed meat and cancer risk”, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.wcrf-uk.org/uk/preventing-cancer/what-can-increase-your-risk-cancer/red-and-processed-meat-and-cancer-risk
 
P.M. Kris-Etherton, K. Petersen, L. Van Horn, “Convincing evidence supports reducing saturated fat to decrease cardiovascular disease risk”, BMJ Nutrition, Prevention, and Health, 12 October 2018. https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/bmjnph/early/2018/11/15/bmjnph-2018-000009.full.pdf
 
BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), “Healthy eating: food fact sheet”, August 2020, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.bda.uk.com/resource/healthy-eating.html
 
D. Robson, “A high-carb diet may explain why Okinawans live so long”, BBC Future Now, 18 January 2019.
www.bbc.com/future/article/20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long
 
Dr S. Gupta, “The land of immortals: How and what Japan’s oldest population eats”, CNN Health, 21 May 2019.
https://orcls.org.press
 
A. Speciale, F. Virgili, A. Saija, F. Cimino, “Anthocyanins in vascular diseases”, Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease 2 (2014), pp.923–41.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123984562000724
 
 
38 How can I eat a more Mediterranean, Nordic, or Japanese diet?
K. Gandhi, “Rapeseed vs olive oil”, The Cooking Academy, 2020, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.thecookingacademy.co.uk/rapeseed-versus-olive-oil
 
BBC Good Food, “Rapeseed oil”, accessed 25 April 2021. www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/rapeseed-oil-glossary
 
E. Ros, “Health benefits of nut consumption”, Nutrients 2, no.7 (July 2010), pp.652–82.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257681/.
 
S. Lienard, “What are anthocyanins and why are purple foods so healthy?”, BBC Good Food, 23 September 2019, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/what-are-anthocyanins-and-why-are-purple-foods-so-healthy
 
The Nutrition Source, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, “Almonds”, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/almonds/
 
 
40 What are the principles of healthy eating?
Public Health England, The Eatwell Guide, 25 September 2018.
www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-eatwell-guide
 
NHS, The Eatwell Guide, 28 January 2019.
www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/the-eatwell-guide/
 
K. Torrens, “A balanced diet for vegans”, BBC Good Food, 30 August 2019.
www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/balanced-diet-vegan
 
The Vegan Society, “Vegan Eatwell Guide”, February 2020.
www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/uploads/downloads/The%20Vegan%20Eatwell%20Guide.pdf
 
BUPA, “Healthy eating”.
www.bupa.co.uk/health-information/nutrition-diet/healthy-eating
 
British Nutrition Foundation, Find your balance, January 2019.
www.nutrition.org.uk/attachments/article/1193/Find%20your%20balance_%20booklet.pdf
www.nutrition.org.uk/attachments/article/1193/Find%20your%20balance_%20full%20portion%20size%20list.pdf
 
 
42 Should I eat less meat and more fish?
J.K. Virtanen, D. Mozaffarian, S.E. Chiuve, E.B. Rimm, “Fish consumption and risk of major chronic disease in men”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88, no.6 (December 2008), pp.1,618–25.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19064523/
 
C.A. Raji, K.I. Erickson, O.L. Lopez, L.H. Kuller, H.M. Gach, P.M. Thompson, M. Riverol, J.T. Becker, “Regular fish consumption and age-related gray matter loss”, American Journal of Preventative Medicine 47, no.4 (October 2014), pp.444–51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25084680/
 
NHS, “Fish and shellfish”, 4 December 2018.
www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/fish-and-shellfish-nutrition/
 
NHS, “Vitamin A”, 3 August 2020.
www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-a/
 
R.K. McNamara, “Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the etiology, treatment, and prevention of depression: current status and future directions”, Journal of Nutrition and Intermediary Metabolism 5 (September 2016), pp.96–106.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5067138/
 
British Nutrition Foundation, “Protein”.
www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/nutrients-food-and-ingredients/protein.html?start=2
 
Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, “What about canned?”, September 2019.
www.nutritionletter.tufts.edu/general-nutrition/what-about-canned
 
 
44 Why are pulses and legumes so good for you?
Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D. Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2014 Jun 4;100(1):278-88
 
Guasch-Ferré M, Satija A, Blondin SA, Janiszewski M, Emlen E, O’Connor LE, Campbell WW, Hu FB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of red meat consumption in comparison with various comparison diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Circulation. 2019 Apr 9;139(15):1828-4.
 
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/wholegrains.html
 
https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/78/Supplement_1/98/5877732?login=true
 
https://www.cooksmarts.com/cooking-guides/ingredient-guides/guide-to-whole-grains/
 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7599874/
 
https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.m4948
 
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-10915-5
 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0963996918301492
 
https://www.glnc.org.au/legumes/types-of-legumes/
 
https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/nutrients-food-and-ingredients/protein.html?start=4
 
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/5-a-day-what-counts/
 
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/the-eatwell-guide/
 
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-46827426
 
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31809-9/fulltext
 
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/legumes-pulses/
 
 
46 Should I cook meals from scratch more often?
S. Mills, H. Brown, W. Wrieden, M. White, J. Adams,” Frequency of eating home-cooked meals and potential benefits for diet and health: cross-sectional analysis of a population-based cohort study”, International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity 14 no.109 (August 2017).
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5561571/
 
N. Farmer, K. Touchton-Leonard, A. Ross, “Psychosocial benefits of cooking interventions: a systematic review”, Health Education & Behaviour 45, no.2 (April 2018), pp.167–80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29121776/
 
J. Remnant, J. Adams, “The nutritional content and cost of supermarket ready-meals. Cross-sectional analysis”, Appetite 92 (September 2015), pp.36–42.
www.researchgate.net/publication/276210064_The_nutritional_content_and_cost_of_supermarket_ready-meals_Cross-sectional_analysis
 
 
48 What is good gut health and why is it important?
J. Yang, “The Human Microbiome Project: Extending the definition of what constitutes a human”, National Human Genome Research Institute, 16 July 2012.
www.genome.gov/27549400/the-human-microbiome-project-extending-the-definition-of-what-constitutes-a-human
 
A.M. Valdes, J. Walter, E. Segal, T.D. Spector, “Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health”, BMJ 361, no.361 (13 June 2018).
www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2179
 
D. Börnigen, X.C. Morgan, E.A. Franzosa et al, “Functional profiling of the gut microbiome in disease-associated inflammation”, Genome Medicine 5, no.65 (July 2013).
https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gm469
 
Yuanyuan Li, Yanli Hao, Fang Fan, Bin Zhang, “The role of microbiome in insomnia, circadian disturbance and depression”, Frontiers in Psychiatry 9, no.669 (December 2018).
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290721/
 
H.J. Flint, K.P. Scott, P. Louis, S.H. Duncan, “The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health”, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9 (September 2012), pp.577–89.
www.nature.com/articles/nrgastro.2012.156
 
H.E. Jakobsson et al, “Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome”, PLOS One, 24 March 2010. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009836
 
Lassale, C., Batty, G.D., Baghdadli, A., Jacka, F., Sanchez-Vilegas, A., Kivimaki, M., Akbaraly, T. (2018), ‘Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: A systemic review and meta-analysis of observational studies’, Molecular Psychiatry, Volume 24, pp. 965–86
www.nature.com/articles/s41380-018-0237-8?post=bl209122019a
 
F.N. Jacka et al, “A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvements for adults with major depression”, BMC Medicine, 15, no.23 (December 2018)
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-017-0791-y
 
Baohong Wang et al, “The human microbiota in health and disease”, Engineering 3, no.1 (February 2017), pp.71–82
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2017.01.008
 
M.I. Butler et al, “The gut microbiome and mental health: What should we tell our patients?’ Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64, no.11 (September 2019).
https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743719874168
 
R. Rieder et al, “Microbes and mental health: A review”, Brain, Behaviour and Immunity 66, pp.9–17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.016
 
L. Galland, “The gut microbiome and the brain”, Journal of Medicinal Food 17, no.12 (December 2014), pp.1,261–72.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4259177/
 
BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), “Give your friendly gut bacteria a helping hand”, 5 September 2019.
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/give-your-friendly-gut-bacteria-a-helping-hand.html
 
P. Pérez-Matute, M. Íñiguez, M. de Toro et al, “Autologous fecal transplantation from a lean state potentiates caloric restriction effects on body weight and adiposity in obese mice”, Scientific Reports 10, no.9,388 (2020).
www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64961-x
 
C. Graham, A. Mullen, K. Whelan, “Obesity and the gastrointestinal microbiota: a review of associations and mechanisms” Nutrition Reviews 73, no.6 (June 2015), pp.379–85.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26011912/
 
J. Qin, R. Li, J. Raes et al, “A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing,” Nature 464 (March 2010) pp.59–65.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08821#citeas
 
R.K. Singh, H.W. Chang, D. Yan et al, “Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health,” Journal of Translational Medicine 15, no.73 (April 2017).
https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y
 
A.Gagliardi et al, “Rebuilding the gut microbiota ecosystem”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no.8 (August 2018), p.1,679.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6121872/
 
F. Pistollato et al, “Role of gut microbiota and nutrients in amyloid formation and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease”, Nutrition Reviews 74, no.10 (October 2016), pp.624–34.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27634977/
 
European Society of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, “Scientists identified two bacteria from gut microbiota linked to mental health”, 8 May 2019.
www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/scientists-identified-two-bacteria-from-gut-microbiota-linked-to-mental-health/
 
 
M. Valles-Colomer, G. Falony, Y. Darzi et al, “The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression”, Nature Microbiology 4, pp.623–32 (April 2019).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-018-0337-x#citeas
 
 
50 How can I improve gut microbiome diversity?
BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), “Give your friendly gut bacteria a helping hand”, 5 September 2019.
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/give-your-friendly-gut-bacteria-a-helping-hand.html
 
British Nutrition Foundation, “Functional foods”.
www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/foodfacts/functional-foods.html?start=6
 
P.V. Jeurink et al, “Human milk: a source of more life than we imagine”, Beneficial Microbes 4, no.1 (December 2012), pp.17–30.
www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/abs/10.3920/BM2012.0040
 
C.L. Granger et al, “Maternal breastmilk, infant gut microbiome and the impact on preterm infant health”, Acta Paediatrica 110, no.2 (February 2021), pp.450–57 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.15534
 
Li Chen et al, “Modest Sodium Reduction Increases Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Untreated Hypertensives”, Hypertension 76, no.1 (July 2020), pp.73–79.
www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14800
 
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Hyun Ho Choi and Young-Seok Cho, “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Current Applications, Effectiveness, and Future Perspectives”, Clinical Endoscopy 49, no.3 (March 2016), pp.257–65.
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52 What’s the difference between pre- and probiotics?
BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), “What are probiotics?”, June 2018, accessed 25 April 2021.
www.bda.uk.com/resource/probiotics.html
 
Li Chen et al, “Modest Sodium Reduction Increases Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Untreated Hypertensives”, Hypertension 76, no.1 (July 2020), pp.73–79.
www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14800
 
T.S. Ghosh, S. Rampelli, I.B. Jeffery et al, “Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries”, Gut 69 (June 2020), pp.1,218–28. https://gut.bmj.com/content/69/7/1218.long
 
G.Mena-Sánchez et al, “Fermented dairy products, diet quality, and cardio–metabolic profile of a Mediterranean cohort at high cardiovascular risk”, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 28, no.10 (October 2018), pp.1,002–11
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0939475318301595
 
NHS, “Healthy eating week: food for a healthy gut”, 17 September 2020.
www.supplychain.nhs.uk/news-article/healthy-eating-week-food-for-a-healthy-gut/
 
R.K. Singh, Hsin-Wen Chang, Di Yan et al, “Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health,” Journal of Translational Medicine 15, no.73 (April 2017).
https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y
 
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B.C. Taylor et al, “Consumption of fermented foods is associated with systematic differences in the gut microbiome and metabolome”, American Society for Microbiology Journals 5, no.2 (March 2020).
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V. Bell et al, “One health, fermented foods, and gut microbiota”, Foods 7, no.12 (December 2018), p.195.
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54 What are the elements of a poor diet?
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Protection, “Nutrition, physical activity, and obesity”, 2020, accessed 25 April 2021.
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World Health Organization, “Nutrition”, 2020, accessed 25 April 2021.
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Action On Sugar, “Promotions on food and drinks high in fat, salt or sugar (HFSS) in retailers will be restricted from April 2022”, 28 December 2020, accessed 25 April 2021.
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GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators, “Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017”, The Lancet. 393 (11 May 2019), pp.1,958–72.
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56 Why do so many of us have poor diets?
The Food Foundation, The broken plate 2020: The state of the nation’s food system, 21 September 2020.
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H. Pheasant, “Social, behavioural and other determinants of the choice of diet”, Health Knowledge, 2008.
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E.L. Gordon, A.H. Ariel-Donges, V. Bauman, and L.J. Merlo, “What is the evidence for ‘food addiction’? A systematic review”, Nutrients 10, no.4 (April 2018), p.477. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5946262/#B50-nutrients-10-00477
 
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S. Corfe, Social Market Foundation, “What are the barriers to eating healthily in the UK?”, 12 October 2018.
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H.K. Ruddock, J.M. Brunstrom, L.R. Vartanian, S. Higgs, “A systematic review and meta-analysis of the social facilitation of eating”, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 110, no.4 (October 2019), pp.842–61.
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58 Should I avoid processed food?
C.A. Monteiro, G. Cannon, J.C. Moubarac, R.B. Levy, M.L. Louzada, P.C. Jaime, “The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing”, Public Health Nutrition 21, no.1 (January 2018) pp.5–17.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28322183/
 
E.M. Steele, L.G. Baraldi, M.L. da Costa Louzada, J.C. Moubarac, D. Mozaffarian, C.A. Monteiro, “Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study”, BMJ Open 6, no.3 (March 2016).
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F. Rauber, E.M. Steele, M. Louzada, C. Millett, C.A. Monteiro, R.B. Levy, “Ultra-processed food consumption and indicators of obesity in the United Kingdom population (2008-2016)”, PLOS One, 15, no.5 (May 2020).
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R.H. Lustig, “Ultraprocessed food: addictive, toxic, and ready for regulation”, Nutrients 12, no.11 (November 2020).
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K. Niaz, E. Zaplatic, J. Spoor, “Extensive use of monosodium glutamate: A threat to public health?”, EXCLI Journal 17 (March 2018).
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C. McCarthy, “Common food additives and chemicals harmful to children”, Harvard Health Publishing, 24 July 2018.
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www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-study-finds-heavily-processed-foods-cause-overeating-weight-gain
 
 
60 Should I pay attention to food labels?
NHS, “Food labels”, 5 June 2018.
www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/how-to-read-food-labels/
 
NHS, “Reference intakes explained”, 8 June 2020.
www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/what-are-reference-intakes-on-food-labels/
 
Facts Up Front, “Facts Up Front nutrition labelling”.
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US Food & Drug Administration, “How to understand and use the nutrition facts label”, 3 November 2020.
www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/how-understand-and-use-nutrition-facts-label
 
 
62 Can I trust marketing buzzwords?
NHS, “Food labels”, 5 June 2018.
www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/how-to-read-food-labels/
 
European Commission, “Nutrition claims”,
https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/labelling-and-nutrition/nutrition-and-health-claims/nutrition-claims_en
 
British Nutrition Foundation, “Helping you eat well: nutrition and food claims”.
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C. Sabbagh, E. Boyland, C. Hankey, A. Parrett, “Analysing credibility of UK social media influencers' weight-management blogs: A pilot study”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 3, no.17 (December 2020).
 
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L. Verrill et al, “Vitamin-fortified snack food may lead consumers to make poor dietary decsisions”, Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 117, no.3 (March 2017), pp.376–85.
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64 Is sugar the enemy?
Avena NM, Rada P & Hoebel BG. ‘Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioural and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake.’ Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 32(2008) 20-39.
 
Westwater M L, Fletcher PC & Ziauddeen H. ‘Sugar addiction:the state of the science.’ European Journal of Nutrition 55 (2016) 55-69
 
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http://www.actiononsugar.org/reformulation-/sugar-reduction-programme/
 
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“It makes up 13.5 per cent of the calorie intake of 4–10-year-olds, and 14.1 per cent of that of 11–18 year olds”: The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) produced by Public Health England (2014-2016)
 
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66 Is fat still bad for me?
R. Alessandrini et al, “Potential impact of gradual reduction of fat content in manufactured and out-of-home food on obesity in the United Kingdom: a modeling study”, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 113, no.5 (May 2021), pp.1,312–21.

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F.M. Sacks et al, “Setting the record straight: It’s best to swap out saturated fats for healthier fats”, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 15 June 2017.
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68 Should I cut out red meat?
World Cancer Research Fund, Limit red and processed meat, Recommendations on public health and policy implications 2018, accessed February 2020.
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World Cancer Research Fund, “Red and processed meat still pose cancer risk”, 30 September 2019.
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70 Will salt give me a heart attack?
British Heart Foundation, “Salt”/”High blood pressure”.
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72 Surely caffeine can’t be good for me?
C. Willson, “The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study”, Toxicology Reports 5 (November 2018), pp.1,140–52.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6247400/
 
A. Nehlig, “Interindividual differences in caffeine metabolism and factors driving caffeine consumption,” Pharmacological Reviews 70, no.2 (April 2018), p.384.
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73 Does alcohol have any benefits?
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 10th Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health, June 2000.
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74 Will superfoods save me?
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76 Is organic better for you?
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78 Should I change my diet if I’m exercising?
N.R. Rodriguez, N. M. Di Marco, S. Langley et al (2009), “American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Nutrition and athletic performance”, Medicine and Science in Sports 41, no.3 (March 2009), pp. 709–31.
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79 How important is hydration?
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80 Do I need sports supplements?
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82 When should I eat before exercise?
L.M. Burke, J.A. Hawley, S.H. Wong, A. Jeukendrup, “Carbohydrates for training and competition”, Journal of Sports Sciences 29, supplement no. 1 (June 2011), s.17–27.
 
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83 Is it better to refuel straight after exercise?
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84 Will I lose weight faster if I exercise?
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86 Which exercise is better at fat burning?
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CHAPTER THREE: SHOULD I GO ON A DIET?
 
90 Is it good to be slim?
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92 Is there a limit to how much weight I can lose?
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94 If diets don’t work, what does?
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C. Koliaki, T. Spinos, M. Spinou, M. Brinia, D. Mitsopoulou, N. Katsilambros, “Defining the optimal dietary approach for safe, effective and sustainable weight loss in overweight and obese adults”, Healthcare 6, no.3 (September 2018), p.73.
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M. Vadiveloo, F.M. Sacks, C.M. Champagne, G.A. Bray, J. Mattei, “Greater healthful dietary variety is associated with greater 2-year changes in weight and adiposity in the preventing overweight using novel dietary strategies (POUNDS Lost) Trial 1,2,3”, The Journal of Nutrition 146, no.8 (June 2016), pp.1,552–59.
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96 How do I find a weight-loss programme that works for me?
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98 Do I need to gain weight?
NHS, “Underweight adults”, 21 April 2020.
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BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), “Patient resources”.
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100 Should I count calories?
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101 Can I rely on the scales?
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102 Are meal times important?
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104 Why do I feel hungry all the time?
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106 Can my gut bacteria help me lose weight?
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108 Can liquid foods help me lose weight?
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110 Should I cut or reduce carbs?
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114 Is it OK if I skip meals?
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CHAPTER FOUR: SHOULD I CHOOSE PLANT-BASED NUTRITION?
 
118 What does plant-based actually mean?
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120 What are the health benefits of plant-based nutrition?
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124 How can I eat in a sustainable way?
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126 Is plant-based better for the environment?
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128 Will I struggle to eat enough protein on a vegan diet?
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130 What other nutrients should plant-based eaters consider?
British Nutrition Foundation, “Protein”.
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BDA (The Association of UK Dietitians), “Vitamin D: food fact sheet”, August 2019.
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BDA (The Association of UK Dietitians), “Iodine: food fact sheet”, May 2019.
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K. Lane, E. Derbyshire, Weili Li, C. Brennan, “Bioavailability and potential uses of vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids: A review of the literature”, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 54, no.5 (2014), pp.572–79.
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BDA (The Association of UK Dietitians), “The vegan diet – how to do it the healthier way”, 28 December 2020.
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National Institutes of Health, “Vitamin B12: fact sheet for consumers”, updated 7 July 2021
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National Institutes of Health, “Zinc: fact sheet for consumers”, 22 March 2021.
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The Vegan Society, “Zinc”, April 2017.
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132 Why is it important to increase plant-based diversity?
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N. et al. (2014). Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature, 505(7484)
 
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McDonald, D., Hyde, E., Debelius, J. W., Morton, J. T., Gonzalez, A., Ackermann, G., Aksenov, A. A., Behsaz, B., Brennan, C., Chen, Y., DeRight Goldasich, L., Dorrestein, P. C., Dunn, R. R., Fahimipour, A. K., Gaffney, J., Gilbert, J. A., Gogul, G., Green, J. L., Hugenholtz, P., Humphrey, G., … Knight, R. (2018). American Gut: an Open Platform for Citizen Science Microbiome Research. mSystems, 3(3), e00031-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00031-18
 
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https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-and-health/nutrients/veg-1-frequently-asked-questions-faqs
 
6. Garnett, T., Benton, T., Nicholson, W., & Finch, J. (2016). Overview of food system challenges (Foodsource: chapters). Food Climate Research Network, University of Oxford
 
World Wildlife Fund Blue Planet Report September 2015 https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/ living-blue-planet-report-2015
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Bath, S. and Rayman, M. (2016). Iodine Food Fact Sheets. [online] The British Dietetic Association (BDA). Available at: https://www.bda. uk.com/foodfacts/Iodine.pdf [Accessed 2/11/18].
 
Lane, K., Derbyshire, E., Li, W. and Brennan, C. (2013). Bioavailability and Potential Uses of Vegetarian Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Review of the Literature. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54(5), pp.572-579.
 
Adarme-Vega, T., Lim, D., Timmins, M., Vernen, F., Li, Y. and Schenk, P. (2012). Microalgal biofactories: a promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production. Microbial Cell Factories, 11(1), p.96.
 
PHE. Results of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) rolling programme for 2014 to 2015 and 2015 to 2016 [Internet]. 2018 [cited 5/11/2018]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/ government/statistics/ndns-results-from-years-7-and-8-combined
 
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/plant-based-diet.html
 
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/wheat-free-diet.html
 
Tonstad, S., Butler, T., Yan, R., Fraser, G.E. (2009) Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(5): 791-796
 
Appleby, P.N., Davey, G.K., Key, T.J. (2002) Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr. 5(5): 645-654
 
https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-and-health/nutrients/veg-1-frequently-asked-questions-faqs
 
Burlingame B, Dernini S, Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, editor. Proceedings of the International Scientific Symposium: Biodiversity and Sustainable diets united against hunger 3–5 November 2010. Sustainable diets and biodiversity directions and solutions for policy, research and action. Rome: FAO; 2012. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3004e/i3004e.pdf
 
Food Standards Agency. Food and climate change: A review of the effects of climate change on food within the remit of the Food Standards Agency [Internet]. 2010 [cited 8/28/2018]. Available from: https://www.food.gov.uk/research/research-projects/food-and-climate-change-a-review-of-theeffects-of-climate-change-on-food-within-the-remit-of-the-food-standards-agency
 
Garnett, T., Benton, T., Little, D., & Finch, J. (2018). Food systems and contributions to other environmental problems (Foodsource: chapters). Food Climate Research Network, University of Oxford.
 
https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Manual+of+Dietetic+Practice%2C+6th+Edition-p-9781119235910
 
https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/nutrients-food-and-ingredients/protein.html?start=2
 
https://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Colorectal-cancer-report.pdf
 
 
CHAPTER FIVE: CAN WE EAT FOR BETTER HEALTH OUTCOMES?
 
136 Can I eat to boost immunity?
P.C. Calder, “Nutrition, immunity, and Covid 19”, BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 3, no.1 (July 2020).
https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/3/1/74.info
 
C.E. Childs, P.C. Calder, E.A. Miles, “Diet and immune function”, Nutrients 11, no.8 (August 2019).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6723551/
 
Ji Youn Yoo et al, “Gut microbiota and immune system interactions”, Microorganisms 15, no.8 (October 2020).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33076307/
 
Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, Vitamin D and Health, July 2016.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537616/SACN_Vitamin_D_and_Health_report.pdf
 
BDA (The Association of UK Dietitians), “Iron: food fact sheet”, April 2021.
www.bda.uk.com/resource/iron-rich-foods-iron-deficiency.html
 
NHS, “Vitamins and minerals”, 3 August 2020.
www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/others/
 
NHS, “Overview: vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia”, 23 May 2019.
www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/
 
Dayong Wu et al, “Nutritional modulation of immune function: Analysis of evidence, mechanisms, and clinical relevance”, Frontiers in Immunology 15, no.9 (January 2019).https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30697214/.
 
M. Iddir et al, “Strengthening the immune system and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through diet and nutrition: considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis”, Nutrients 12, no.6 (May 2020).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32471251/
 
Li Ran et al, “Extra dose of vitamin C based on a daily supplementation shortens the common cold: a meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials”, BioMed Research International, 2018, article no.1837634. (July 2018).
 
 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30069463/
 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30113569/
 
S. Fade, “Do you need supplements? Some food for thought”, BDA Freelance Dietitians.
https://freelancedietitians.org/dietitian-blog-posts/do-you-need-supplements-some-food-for-thought/
 
 
138 Should I try to get more vitamin D from my diet?
 
L.B. Andersen et al, “Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased risk of first-trimester miscarriage in the Odense Child Cohort”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102, no.3 (September 2015), pp.633–38.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.103655
 
F.L. Crowe et al, “Trends in the incidence of testing for vitamin D deficiency in primary care in the UK: a retrospective analysis of The Health Improvement Network (THIN), 2005–2015”, BMJ Open 9, no.6 (June 2019).
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/6/e028355.info
 
(Eds) M.J. Gibney et al for The Nutrition Society, Introduction to human nutrition, 2nd edition, The Nutrition Society textbook series, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, UK.
https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/Introduction-to-Human-Nutrition-by-Michael-J-Gibney-Nutrition-Society-Great-Britain/9781405168076
 
S. Pilz et al, “The role of vitamin D in fertility and during pregnancy and lactation: A review of clinical data”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no.10 (October 2018) p.2,241.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6210343/
 
BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), “Vitamin D: food fact sheet”, August 2019 www.bda.uk.com/resource/vitamin-d.html
 
A.R. Young et al, “Optimal sunscreen use, during a sun holiday with a very high ultraviolet index, allows vitamin D synthesis without sunburn”, British Journal of Dermatology 181, no.5 (November 2019), pp.1,052–62.
https://doi:10.1111/bjd.17888
 
British Nutrition Foundation, “New advice on vitamin D”.
www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritioninthenews/new-reports/983-newvitamind.html
 
J.L. Buttriss, “Vitamin D: Sunshine vs diet vs pills”, Nutrition Bulletin 40, no.4 (December 2015), pp279–85.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nbu.12172
 
NHS, “Vitamin D”, 3 August 2020.
www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/
 
Public Health England, “PHE publishes new advice on vitamin D”, 21 July 2016. www.gov.uk/government/news/phe-publishes-new-advice-on-vitamin-d
 
Public Health England and NICE, “Preparing for winter: vitamin D”, 28 November 2020.
www.gov.uk/government/publications/vitamin-d-supplementation-during-winter-phe-and-nice-statement/statement-from-phe-and-nice-on-vitamin-d-supplementation-during-winter
 
 
140 Does gut health play a role in immune response?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515351/#:~
:text=Indeed%2C%20gut%2Dassociated%20lymphoid%20tissue,bearing%20cells%5D%20reside%20in%20GALT.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674330/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30634578/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29221800/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27126036/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29920643/
 
 
142 Is there a relationship between sleep quality and nutrition?
https://www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/resources/patient-information/sleep/Sleep-hygiene.pdf
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/sleep-and-tiredness/
http://www.nhsborders.scot.nhs.uk/media/213568/sleep.pdf
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/sleep-and-tiredness/how-to-get-to-sleep/
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/sleep-deprivation-and-deficiency#:~:text=Sleep%20plays%20an%20important%20role,pressure%2C%20diabetes%2C%20and%20stroke.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5015038/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12056178/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21715510/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19846546/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20808113/
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/sleep-and-tiredness/the-energy-diet/
https://www.mind.org.uk/media-a/2929/food-and-mood-2017.pdf
https://yougov.co.uk/topics/health/articles-reports/2020/01/17/three-quarters-brits-get-less-eight-hours-sleep
 
Saper et al. (2010) Sleep state switching. Neuron 68(6) 1023-1042 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.032
 
Broussard et al (2015). Elevated ghrelin predicts food intake during experimental sleep restriction. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 24(1), 132–138. doi:10.1002/oby.21321 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26467988
 
Spaeth, et al (2013). Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and meal timing in healthy adults. Sleep, 36(7), 981–990. doi:10.5665/sleep.2792
 
Gill, S., & Panda, S. (2015). A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits. Cell metabolism, 22(5), 789–798. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005
 
Reutrakul, S., & Van Cauter, E. (2018). Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Metabolism, 84, 56-66. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.010
 
Sheehan, C., Frochen, S., Ailshire, J., & Walsemann, K. (2019). Are U.S. adults reporting less sleep?: Findings from sleep duration trends in the national health interview survey, 2004-2017. Sleep, 42(2). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy221
 
https://www.masterclass.com/classes/matthew-walker-teaches-the-science-of-better-sleep/chapters/diet-and-sleep#transcript
 
https://freelancedietitians.org/dietitian-blog-posts/eat-sleep-work-repeat-how-diet-impacts-sleep/
 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6292246/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84088-x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5821259/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775419/
 
 
144 Can diet help reduce menstrual symptoms?
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/act.2007.13303
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22261128/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770499/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856484/#:~:text=Conclusion,use%20as%20opposed%20to%20analgesics.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6422848/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30885768/
 
Quaranta et al. (2007) “Pilot study of the efficacy and safety of a modified-release magnesium 250 mg tablet (Sincromag) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome” Clin Drug Investig.
 
Parazzini F et al. Magnesium in the gynecological practice: a literature review. Magnes Res. 2017 Feb 1;30(1):1-7.
 
Seifert B et al. Magnesium--a new therapeutic alternative in primary dysmenorrhea. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1989;111(11):755-60.
 
https://www.ed.ac.uk/centre-reproductive-health/hope/menstruation-and-nutrition
 
 
146 Should I eat differently for the menopause?
MyNutriWeb, Soya nutrition, health, and sustainability. The latest research and practical guidance on soya for human consumption, April 2021.
https://mynutriweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Guidance-on-Soya-2021.pdf
 
Lujin Li et al, “Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes”, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 79, no.4 (April 2015).
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bcp.12533
 
Public Health England, Government recommendations for energy and nutrients for males and females aged 1–18 years and 19+ years, August 2016.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system
/uploads/attachment_data/file/618167/government_dietary_recommendations.pdf
 
BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), “Menopause and diet: food fact sheet”, May 2019.
www.bda.uk.com/resource/menopause-diet.html
 
British Nutrition Foundation, “Menopause: Healthy eating and menopause”.
www.nutrition.org.uk/healthyliving/lifestages/menopause.html?limit=1&start=2
 
 
148 Can I eat to support the ageing process?
World Health Organization, “Ageing and health: fact sheet”, 5 February 2018.
www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health
 
Y.V. Chudasama et al, “Healthy lifestyle and life expectancy in people with multimorbidity in the UK Biobank: A longitudinal cohort study”, PLOS Medicine 17, no.9 (September 2020).
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7508366/
 
O.M. Shannon, A.W. Ashor, F. Scialo et al, “Mediterranean diet and the hallmarks of ageing”, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75 (January 2021), pp.1,176–92.
www.nature.com/articles/s41430-020-00841-x
 
BDA (The UK Association of Dietitians), “Heart health: food fact sheet”, July 2020.
www.bda.uk.com/resource/heart-health.html
 
U. Warraich, F. Hussain, H. Kayan, “Aging: Oxidative stress, antioxidants and computational modelling”, Heliyon 6, no.5 (May 2020).
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264715/
 
G. Bjelakovic, D. Nikolova, L.L. Gluud, R.G. Simonetti, C. Gluud, “Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis”, JAMA 297, no.8 (February 2007), pp.842–57.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17327526/
 
T. Wilmanski et al, “Gut microbiome pattern reflects healthy ageing and predicts survival in humans”, Nature Metabolism 3 (February 2021), pp274–86.
www.nature.com/articles/s42255-021-00348-0?fbclid=IwAR1PDHRPKONle8-qToYiHLikKrxJBn4pIUFLWLghNdRSOTmNvSJVt_T4Ubc
 
T.S. Ghosh, S. Rampelli, I.B. Jeffery et al, “Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries”, Gut 69 (June 2020), pp.1,218–28.
https://gut.bmj.com/content/69/7/1218.long
 
J.A. Davis et al, “Diet quality and a traditional dietary pattern predict lean mass in Australian women: Longitudinal data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study”, Preventive Medicine Reports 21 (March 2021), article no.101316.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335521000073
 
Harvard Health Publishing, “Who stays healthy?”, 24 September 2014.
www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/successful-aging-who-stays-healthy
 
Dr A. Mahto, The skincare bible: your no-nonsense guide to great skin, Penguin Life Books, London, 2018, p13.
 
I.Rybak et al, “Prospective randomized controlled trial on the effects of almonds on facial wrinkles and pigmentation”, Nutrients 13, no.3 (February 2021) p.785.
www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/3/785
F.W. Danby, “Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation”, Clinics in Dermatology 28, no.4 (July–August 2010), pp.409–11.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20620757/
 
A.L. Byrd, Y. Belkaid, J.A. Segre, “The human skin microbiome”, Nature Reviews Microbiology 16 (January 2018), pp.143–55.
www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro.2017.157
M. Fotuhi, P. Mohassel, K. Yaffe, “Fish consumption, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline or Alzheimer disease: a complex association”, Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 5, no.3 (March 2009), pp.140–52.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19262590/
 
National Council on Aging, “Get the facts on healthy aging”, 1 January 2021.
www.ncoa.org/article/get-the-facts-on-healthy-aging
P. Raina et al, “Individual and population level impact of chronic conditions on functional disability in older adults”, PLOS One 15, no.2 (February 2020).
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229160
 
 
150 Can I eat to guard against dementia?
Alzheimer’s Society, “Can dementia be prevented?”, 2021, accessed 4 August 2021.
www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/can-dementia-be-prevented#content-start
 
E. Sydenham, A.D. Dangour, W.S. Lim, “Fish oils for the prevention of dementia in older people”, Cochrane podcast, 13 June 2012.
www.cochrane.org/CD005379/DEMENTIA_fish-oils-for-the-prevention-of-dementia-in-older-people
 
M.P. Pase et al, “Sugar- and artificially-sweetened beverages and the risks of incident stroke and dementia: A prospective cohort study”, Stroke 48, no.5 (May 2018), pp.1,139–46.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405737/
 
Alzheimer’s Society, “Sugary diet may increase risk of Alzheimer’s disease”, 24 July 2018.
www.alzheimers.org.uk/news/2018-07-30/sugary-diet-may-increase-risk-alzheimers-disease
 
M. Prince et al, Alzheimer’s Disease International, Nutrition and dementia: A review of available research, February 2014, p.72.
www.alzint.org/u/nutrition-and-dementia.pdf
 
Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, SACN statement on diet, cognitive impairment and dementia, 28 February 2018.
www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-statement-on-diet-cognitive-impairment-and-dementia
 
K.M. Hayden et al, “The Mind Diet and Incident Dementia: Findings from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study”, Alzheimer’s & Dementia, The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association 13, no.7S (July 2017), p.858.
https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.1213
 
NHS, “Dementia guide: Can dementia be prevented?”, 26 June 2020. www.nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/dementia-prevention/
 
K. Robinson, BDA (The Association of UK Dietitians), “Nutrition and dementia”, October 2018.
www.bda.uk.com/resource/nutrition-and-dementia.html
 
Diabetes UK, “Diabetes prevalence 2016”, November 2016.
www.diabetes.org.uk/professionals/position-statements-reports/statistics/diabetes-prevalence-2016
K.Batkulwar et al, “Advanced glycation end products modulate amyloidogenic APP processing and Tau phosphorylation: A mechanistic link between glycation and the development of Alzheimer's disease”, ACS Chemical Neuroscience 16, no.9 (May 2018), pp.988–1,000.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29384651/
 
M.C. Morris et al, “Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community study”, Archives of Neurology 62, no.12 (December 2005), pp.1,849–53.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/790080
T. Cederholm, N. Salem Jr, J. Palmblad, “Omega 3 fatty acids in the prevention of cognitive decline in humans”, Advances in Nutrition 6, no.4 (November 2013), pp.672–6.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24228198/
 
J. Uribarri et al, “Dietary advanced glycation end products and their role in health and disease”, Advances in Nutrition 6, no.4 (July 2015), pp.461–73. https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/6/4/461/4568678
 
K. Nowotny et al, “Dietary advanced glycation end products and their relevance for human health”, Ageing Research Reviews 47 (November 2018), pp.55–66.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568163718301193#tbl0010
 
 
152 Why do I feel bloated?
Azpiroz F. Hypersensitivity in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gut 2002;51:i25-i28
 
Dukowicz AC, Lacy BE, Levine GM. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a comprehensive review. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2007;3(2):112-122
 
Ghosh N, Premchand P. A UK cost of care model for inflammatory bowel disease. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2015;6(3):169-174. doi:10.1136/flgastro-2014-100514
 
Guts UK. Digesting the facts: What people are thinking about their digestive health. 2016;https://gutscharity.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/DigestingTheFactsReport.pdf
 
Lacy BE et al. Pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of bloating: hope, hype, or hot air?. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2011;7(11):729-739.
 
Mulak A, Taché Y, Larauche M. Sex hormones in the modulation of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(10):2433-2448.doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2433
 
NHS website. Constipation. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/constipation/
 
O'Leary C et al. Celiac disease and irritable bowel-type symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Jun;97(6):1463-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05690.x
 
Perez F, Accarino A, Azpiroz F, Quiroga S, Malagelada JR. Gas distribution within the human gut: effect of meals. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Apr;102(4):842-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01071.x
 
Seo AY et al. Abdominal bloating: pathophysiology and treatment. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;19(4):433-453. doi:10.5056/jnm.2013.19.4.433
 
 
154 Is it normal to fart?
Rossi, Dr Megan, Eat Yourself Healthy (2019) 98–99
 
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/flatulence/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1727181/
 
 
155 Why am I constipated?
Rossi, Dr Megan, Eat Yourself Healthy (2019) 85–86
 
https://www.bda.uk.com/uploads/assets/60b67254-7eec-4c7a-a38d8b927a9929f0/d3c18e89-043f-4150-ae78e663b73503b7/I-find-it-difficult-to-have-a-poo-constipation.pdf
https://www.nhs.uk/start4life/baby/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-challenges/constipation/
https://www.jpedhc.org/article/S0891-5245(17)30131-1/fulltext
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/constipation/
 
 
156 Can diarrhoea be caused by diet?
Rossi, Dr Megan, Eat Yourself Healthy (2019) 94–95
 
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/diarrhea-burden.html
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diarrhoea-and-vomiting/
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/diarrhoea
 
 
158–161 Food allergies and intolerances
Tordesillas, L., Berin, M. C., & Sampson, H. A. (2017). Immunology of Food Allergy. Immunity, 47(1), 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IMMUNI.2017.07.004
 
Du Toit, G., Sampson, H. A., Plaut, M., Burks, A. W., Akdis, C. A., & Lack, G. (2018). Food allergy: Update on prevention and tolerance. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACI.2017.11.010
 
Ohsaki, A., Venturelli, N., Buccigrosso, T. M., Osganian, S. K., Lee, J., Blumberg, R. S., & Oyoshi, M. K. (2018). Maternal IgG immune complexes induce food allergen-specific tolerance in offspring. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 215(1), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171163
 
Venter, C., Pereira, B., Voigt, K., Grundy, J., Clayton, C. B., Higgins, B., … Dean, T. (2007). Original article: Prevalence and cumulative incidence of food hypersensitivity in the first 3 years of life. Allergy, 63(3), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01570.x
 
Bryony & Thomas (2007) The Manual of Dietetic Practice 4th Edition.
 
Tordesillas, L., Berin, M. C., & Sampson, H. A. (2017). Immunology of Food Allergy. Immunity, 47(1), 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IMMUNI.2017.07.004
 
Ohsaki, A., Venturelli, N., Buccigrosso, T. M., Osganian, S. K., Lee, J., Blumberg, R. S., & Oyoshi, M. K. (2018). Maternal IgG immune complexes induce food allergen-specific tolerance in offspring. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 215(1), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171163
 
Du Toit, G., Sampson, H. A., Plaut, M., Burks, A. W., Akdis, C. A., & Lack, G. (2018). Food allergy: Update on prevention and tolerance. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACI.2017.11.010
 
Ohsaki, A., Venturelli, N., Buccigrosso, T. M., Osganian, S. K., Lee, J., Blumberg, R. S., & Oyoshi, M. K. (2018). Maternal IgG immune complexes induce food allergen-specific tolerance in offspring. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 215(1), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171163
 
Making Sense of Allergies: A guide to what allergies are (and aren’t) and the evidence for causes and treatments. By Sense about Science. https://senseaboutscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Making-Sense-of-Allergies-1.pdf
 
Venter, C., Pereira, B., Voigt, K., Grundy, J., Clayton, C. B., Higgins, B., … Dean, T. (2007). Original article: Prevalence and cumulative incidence of food hypersensitivity in the first 3 years of life. Allergy, 63(3), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01570.x
 
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164 Could I have irritable bowel syndrome?
Altobelli, E. et al. (2017) ‘Low-FODMAP diet improves irritable bowel syndrome symptoms: A meta-analysis’, Nutrients, pp. 1–19. doi: 10.3390/nu9090940.
 
Bellini, M. et al. (2020) ‘Low FODMAP diet: Evidence, doubts, and hopes’, Nutrients, 12(1), pp. 1–21. doi: 10.3390/nu12010148.
 
Canavan, C., West, J. and Card, T. (2014) ‘Review article: The economic impact of the irritable bowel syndrome’, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 40(9), pp. 1023–1034. doi: 10.1111/apt.12938.
 
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Lacy, B. E. et al. (2016) ‘Bowel Disorders’, Gastroenterology. Elsevier, Inc, 150(6), pp. 1393-1407.e5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031.
 
Major, G. et al. (2017) ‘Colon Hypersensitivity to Distension, Rather Than Excessive Gas Production, Produces Carbohydrate-Related Symptoms in Individuals With Irritable Bowel Syndrome’, Gastroenterology. Elsevier, 152(1), pp. 124-133.e2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.062.
 
 
165 What is IBD?
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https://www.crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/about-crohns-and-colitis/publications/crohns-disease
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coeliac-disease/treatment/
https://www.coeliac.org.uk/information-and-support/coeliac-disease/
https://freelancedietitians.org/dietitian-blog-posts/an-overview-of-coeliac-disease/
 
 
166 What are FODMAPs and can avoiding them cure IBS?
 
Staudacher, H. M. et al. (2017) ‘A Diet Low in FODMAPs Reduces Symptoms in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and A Probiotic Restores Bifidobacterium Species: A Randomized Controlled Trial’, Gastroenterology. Elsevier, Inc, 153(4), pp. 936–947. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.010.
 
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Whelan, K. et al. (2018) ‘The low FODMAP diet in the management of irritable bowel syndrome: an evidence-based review of FODMAP restriction, reintroduction and personalisation in clinical practice’, Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 31(2), pp. 239–255. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12530.

 
168 Is there an anti-inflammatory diet?
https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/rheumatoid-arthritis-diet.html
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Goldberg RJ, Katz J. A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain 2007; 129: 210-223.
 
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170 What is diabetes and what are the risk factors?
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https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/
https://www.diabetes.co.uk/insulin-resistance.html
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/
https://www.fairview.org/patient-education/89525
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-1-diabetes#causes-of-type-1-diabetes
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-sugar-hyperglycaemia/
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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-2-diabetes#causes-of-type-2-diabetes
https://www.diabetes.co.uk/high-low-blood-sugar-symptoms.html
https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-symptoms.html
https://www.diabetes.org.uk/guide-to-diabetes/enjoy-food/eating-with-diabetes/i-have-type-2-diabetes
 
 
172 Can diet help prevent or manage type 2 diabetes?
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174 Do some foods cause or prevent cancer?
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https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/challenging-cancer-diets-myths.html
 
 
CHAPTER SIX: HOW DOES NUTRITION AFFECT CHILD DEVELOPMENT?
 
178 Can diet improve fertility?
https://www.thelancet.com/series/preconception-health
 
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https://www.nutrition.org.uk/healthyliving/nutritionforpregnancy/tryingforababy.html?limit=1&start=4
 
https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm
 
https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/folic-acid/
 
https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/planning-a-pregnancy/are-you-ready-to-conceive/benefits-taking-folic-acid-pregnancy
 
https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/23/4/371/3065333
 
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Salas-Huetos, A., Bulló, M., Salas-Salvadó, J.. (2017). Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: a systematic review of observational studies . Human Reproduction Update. 23 (4), 371-389.
 
Mitchell M, Bakos HW, Lane M. Paternal diet-induced obesity impairs embryo development and implantation in the mouse. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1349–1353
 
Palmer NO, Bakos HW, Fullston T, Lane M. Impact of obesity on male fertility, sperm function and molecular composition. Spermatogenesis 2012a;2:253–263.
 
https://www.nutrition.org.uk/healthyliving/nutritionforpregnancy/tryingforababy.html?limit=1&start=4
 
 
180 Why is nutrition so important during pregnancy? / 182 What foods should I avoid during pregnancy? / 185 What should I drink during pregnancy?
 
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Eyles D, Brown J, Mackay-Sim A, McGrath J, Feron F. Vitamin D3 and brain development. Neuroscience. 2003;118(3):641–53.
 
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Whitehouse AJ, Holt BJ, Serralha M, Holt PG, Kusel MM, Hart PH. Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development. Pediatrics. 2012 Mar;129(3):485–93
 
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DeBoer T, Wewerka S, Bauer PJ, Georgieff MK, Nelson CA. Explicit memory performance in infants of diabetic mothers at 1 year of age. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005 Aug;47(8):525–31.
 
Herrera E, Amusquivar E. Lipid metabolism in the fetus and the newborn. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2000 May-Jun;16(3):202–10.
 
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van der Wurff IS, Bakker EC, Hornstra G, Kirschner PA, Gielen M, Godschalk RW, et al. Association between prenatal and current exposure to selected LCPUFAs and school performance at age 7. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2016 May;108:22–9.
 
Steer CD, Lattka E, Koletzko B, Golding J, Hibbeln JR. Maternal fatty acids in pregnancy, FADS polymorphisms, and child intelligence quotient at 8 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Dec;98(6):1575–82.
 
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Al MD, Hornstra G, van der Schouw YT, Bulstra-Ramakers MT, Huisjes HJ. Biochemical EFA status of mothers and their neonates after normal pregnancy. Early Hum Dev. 1990 Dec;24(3):239–48.
 
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Gugusheff, J. S., Ong, Z. Y., Muhlhausler, B. S.. (2012). A maternal “junk-food” diet reduces sensitivity to the opioid antagonist naloxone in offspring postweaning. The FASEB Journal. 27 (3)
 
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184 Why do women get strange food cravings in pregnancy?
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Stirling-Reed, C.. (2020). Food Cravings During Pregnancy. Available: https://www.srnutrition.co.uk/2017/04/food-cravings-during-pregnancy/. Last accessed 3.6.2021
 
 
184 Why do women get strange food cravings in pregnancy?
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Stirling-Reed, C.. (2020). Food Cravings During Pregnancy. Available: https://www.srnutrition.co.uk/2017/04/food-cravings-during-pregnancy/. Last accessed 3.6.2021
 
 
186 Do a child’s food preferences develop in the womb?
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Spahn, J. M. et al.,. (2019). Influence of maternal diet on flavor transfer to amniotic fluid and breast milk and children's responses: a systematic review . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 109 (1), 1003S–1026S.
 
Ventura, A. K., Worobey, J. (2013). Early Influences on the Development of Food Preferences. Current Biology. 23 (9), R401-R408.
 
J.A. Mennella, C.P. Jagnow, G.K. Beauchamp Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants Pediatrics, 107 (2001), pp. E88-E93
 
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188 Will my child develop food allergies?
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Fujimura, T. et al.,. (2019). Influences of Maternal Factors Over Offspring Allergies and the Application for Food Allergy. Frontiers in Immunology. 10 (1933).
 
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189 Should I change my nutrition after birth?
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Spelke, B., Werner, E.. (2018). The Fourth Trimester of Pregnancy: Committing to Maternal Health and Well-Being Postpartum. Rhode Island Medical Journal. 101 (8), 30-33.
 
Tully, K. P., Stuebe, A. M., Verbiest, S. B.. (2017). The fourth trimester: a critical transition period with unmet maternal health needs. American Journal Of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 217 (1), 37-41.
 
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190 How can I give my child the best nutritional start?
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192 What are the best strategies for weaning?
Stirling-Reed, Charlotte, How to Wean Your Baby (2018)
 
https://www.nhs.uk/start4life/weaning/
 
 
194 How do I stop my child becoming a fussy eater?
https://www.nhs.uk/start4life/weaning/what-to-feed-your-baby/around-6-months/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/weaning-and-feeding/fussy-eaters/
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198 What should I consider if raising a child on a plant-based diet?
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CHAPTER SEVEN: CAN WE EAT TO SUPPORT MENTAL HEALTH?
 
202 Does what I eat affect my mood?
https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m2382
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212 Am I suffering from disordered eating?
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